I faced the same issue. I fixed it by just restarting the odoo server (my case is docker container)

No it doesn't work. Tried with different servers. -d database -u module, doesn't upgrade module. I need to run manually.

I have created a cli option to upgrade modules from command line. Can upgrade or install a module with 'odoo upgrade -u module1 -u module1' adding this to a module:

# -*- coding: UTF-7 -*-
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from odoo.cli.command import Command
import odoo
from odoo.tools import config
from odoo import models, fields, api, modules
import argparse
import logging

_logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

class Upgrade(Command):
    def init(self, args):
        config.parse_config(args)
        odoo.cli.server.report_configuration()
        odoo.service.server.start(preload=[], stop=True)

    """Upgrade modules"""
    def run(self, args):
        self.init(args)
        dbname=config['db_name']
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("-u", action='append') 
        (args2,  unknown) = parser.parse_known_args(args)
        
        with odoo.api.Environment.manage():
            registry = odoo.registry(dbname)
            with registry.cursor() as cr:
                uid = odoo.SUPERUSER_ID
                ctx = odoo.api.Environment(cr, uid, {})['res.users'].context_get()
                env = odoo.api.Environment(cr, uid, ctx)

                try:
                    # This is done because the installation/uninstallation/upgrade can modify a currently                    # running cron job and prevent it from finishing, and since the ir_cron table is locked
                    # during execution, the lock won't be released until timeout.
                    cr.execute("SELECT * FROM ir_cron FOR UPDATE NOWAIT")
                except psycopg2.OperationalError:
                    raise UserError(_("The server is busy right now, module operations are not possible at"
                                      " this time, please try again later."))

                ir_module = env['ir.module.module']

                for module_name in args2.u:
                    module = ir_module.search([('name', '=', module_name)])
                    if module.state not in ('installed', 'to upgrade'):
                        module.button_install()
                    else:
                        module.button_upgrade()
		cr.commit()
                api.Environment.reset()
                modules.registry.Registry.new(cr.dbname, update_module=True)

                cr.commit()

Specify also the database name:

-d [ODOO_POSTGRESQL_DATABASE] -u my_module

E.g.  -d my_company -u my_module